MINERÍA la mejor puerta de acceso al sector minero MINERÍA / SEPTIEMBRE 2023 / EDICIÓN 552 98 croambientes dentro de una operación minera en plena producción, en el Perú. En específico, se trata del análisis metagenómico de aguas y suelos muestreados directamente de zonas disturbadas por la minería y zonas aledañas no afectadas, localizadas en el tajo Anama de la empresa minera Anabi, ubicada en el distrito de Huaquirca, provincia de Antabamba, departamento de Apurímac. Con las muestras de zonas no afectadas, se pretende levantar una línea base microbiológica, la cual permita diferenciar los efectos de la minería en este entorno particular. Los resultados obtenidos permitieron establecer diversas relaciones ecosistémicas existentes e identificar bioindicadores del proceso de contaminación ambiental dentro del tajo. El estudio muestra como la metagenómica constituye una herramienta novedosa que posibilita visualizar de una manera efectiva cómo son los ecosistemas microbianos en un ambiente afectado por la minería y permite evaluar de forma realista la salud de dichos ecosistemas. Objetivos Dado lo anterior, el presente trabajo tuvo por finalidad la aplicación de la metagenómica en un ambiente minero real del altiplano peruano, considerando los siguientes tres objetivos específicos: (I) Validar la aplicabilidad de la metagenómica como una potente herramienta para determinar el impacto de la actividad minera sobre la biodiversidad microbiológica de suelos y aguas dentro de la operación. (II) Identificar microorganismos nativos relevantes implicados en los procesos de alteración geoquímica que conducen a la generación de aguas ácidas. (III)Identificar, a través de una bioprospección, aquellos microorganismos nativos que puedan ser utilizados para el diseño de soluciones de biorremediación in situ. Tabla 2. Resultados de los Índices de Diversidad Alfa (α) para cada Muestra Recogida en el Tajo Anama (N=13) Table 2. Results of the Alpha Diversity Indices (α) for Each Sample Collected in the Anama Pit (N=13) presented (Sancho et al., 2022) indicated how the microbiological populations of the ecosystem stand as faithful markers of its health and, in addition, how the increase in the capacity to provide ecosystem services of the soils of an area rehabilitated after mining can be measured quantitatively, using metagenomic tools. Despite this good background, to date there is still no data available on biodiversity or ecosystem analysis of microenvironments in mining areas of Peru. Taking into account the above, this applied research work presents, for the first time, the microbiological characterization of different microenvironments within a mining operation in full production in Peru. Specifically, this is the metagenomic analysis of water and soil sampled directly from mining disturbed areas and surrounding unaffected areas, located in the Anama Pit of the Anabi, mining company located in the district of Huaquirca, province of Antabamba, Department of Apurimac (Peru). With samples from unaffected areas, we intend to establish a microbiological baseline, which will allow to differentiate the effects of mining in this particular environment. The results obtained made it possible to establish various existing ecosystemic relationships and to identify bioindicators of the environmental contamination process within the pit. The study shows how metagenomics is a novel tool for effectively visualizing microbial ecosystems in a mining-affected environment and for realistically assessing the health of these ecosystems. Objectives Given the above, the purpose of this work was the application of metagenomics in a real mining environment of the Peruvian highlands, considering the following three specific objectives: (I) Validate the applicability of metagenomics as a powerful tool to determine the impact of mining activity on the microbiological biodiversity of soils and waters within the operation. (II) Identify relevant native microorganisms involved in geochemical alteration processes leading to the generation of acid waters. (III)Identify, through bioprospecting, those native microorganisms that can be used for the design of in situ bioremediation solutions. Development and data collection Samples were taken of both contaminated and uncontaminated water and soil. The "uncontaminated" category was considered to be areas not affected by mining activity but located within the mine site, while the samples classified as "contaminated" belonged to sites directly affected by mining activity. For contaminated water (AC), samples were taken from
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MTM0Mzk2